📚 Class 2 Mathematics – Chapter 4: Multiplication
🔹 1. Introduction
Multiplication is the process of repeated addition.
It is used to find the total when the same number is added several times.
The symbol for multiplication is “×”.
The result of multiplication is called the product.
💡 Example:
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3 × 4 = 12
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Here, 3 is multiplied 4 times → 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 12
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12 is the product
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🔹 2. Multiplication as Repeated Addition
Multiplication can be seen as adding the same number repeatedly.
Example:
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5 × 3 = ?
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5 + 5 + 5 = 15
✅ Answer: 15
🔹 3. Multiplication Tables (1 to 10)
Learning multiplication tables is important for fast calculation.
Examples:
Table of 2:
2 × 1 = 2, 2 × 2 = 4, 2 × 3 = 6, 2 × 4 = 8, … 2 × 10 = 20
Table of 3:
3 × 1 = 3, 3 × 2 = 6, 3 × 3 = 9, 3 × 4 = 12, … 3 × 10 = 30
💡 Tip: Practice tables daily for speed and accuracy.
🔹 4. Multiplication Using Groups
Multiplication can also be visualized using groups of objects.
Example:
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4 groups of 3 apples each
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Total apples = 4 × 3 = 12
💡 Visualization:
🍎🍎🍎 → Group 1
🍎🍎🍎 → Group 2
🍎🍎🍎 → Group 3
🍎🍎🍎 → Group 4
Total = 12 apples
🔹 5. Properties of Multiplication
5.1 Commutative Property
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Changing the order of numbers does not change the product
Example: 3 × 5 = 5 × 3 = 15
5.2 Associative Property
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Grouping numbers differently does not change the product
Example: (2 × 3) × 4 = 2 × (3 × 4) = 24
5.3 Multiplication by 1
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Any number multiplied by 1 remains the same
Example: 7 × 1 = 7
5.4 Multiplication by 0
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Any number multiplied by 0 becomes 0
Example: 9 × 0 = 0
🔹 6. Multiplication Word Problems
1️⃣ There are 5 boxes. Each box has 6 pencils. How many pencils in total?
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5 × 6 = 30 pencils
2️⃣ A farmer has 4 rows of trees. Each row has 7 trees. How many trees are there?
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4 × 7 = 28 trees
3️⃣ There are 3 bags. Each bag has 8 apples. Total apples = ?
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3 × 8 = 24 apples
🔹 7. Multiplication of Two-digit Numbers (Optional/Basic Level)
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Break the number into tens and ones.
Example: 12 × 3 -
12 = 10 + 2
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Multiply each part by 3:
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10 × 3 = 30
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2 × 3 = 6
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Add both → 30 + 6 = 36
✅ Answer: 36
🔹 8. Practice Questions
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6 × 4 = ?
✅ Answer: 24 -
7 × 5 = ?
✅ Answer: 35 -
3 × 8 = ?
✅ Answer: 24 -
There are 5 baskets. Each basket has 9 mangoes. Total mangoes = ?
✅ Answer: 5 × 9 = 45 -
Multiply 12 × 3 using tens and ones method.
✅ Answer: 36
🔹 9. Summary
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Multiplication = repeated addition
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Symbols: × → “times”
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Result: product
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Properties: Commutative, Associative, Multiplication by 1, Multiplication by 0
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Methods: Repeated addition, groups of objects, tens and ones
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Word Problems: Apply multiplication in real-life situations